The US Geological Survey and Germany‘s GFZ centre for geosciences said the incident was at a shallow 6.2 miles, with an epicentre in neighbouring Myanmar, according to preliminary reports.
The greater Bangkok area is home to more than 17 million people, many of whom live in high-rise apartments.
Alarms went off in buildings as the earthquake hit around 1.30pm local time, and startled residents were evacuated down staircases of high-rise buildings and hotels in densely populated central Bangkok.
They remained in the streets, seeking shade from the midday sun in the minutes after the quake.
Terrifying footage shows the moment an apartment block under construction collapsed in Bangkok
Workers fled in terror as the building gave way after being shaken by the force of the quake
Panicked residents stand outside an office building in Bangkok after the earthquake
People hug one another following the huge tremors that shook buildings in Bangkok
There were no immediate reports of damage or casualties.
The quake was forceful enough to send water sloshing out of pools, some high up in high-rises, as the tremor shook.
The epicentre of the earthquake was in central Myanmar, 30 miles east of the city of Monywa.
There were no immediate reports of the effect of the earthquake in Myanmar, which is in the middle of a civil war.
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